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Honeycomb worm reefs
Honeycomb worms (Sabellaria alveolata) build tubes from sand and shell fragments.
Honeycomb worm reefs © Jen Liles
They are found on the lower part of rocky seashores but they also need a sand supply for tube-building. They are, therefore, found on exposed shores where there is sufficient water movement to bring a sand supply from nearby. They need hard rock to build on, and sand to build with – their requirements are very specific. These worms are highly gregarious and live close together, their tubes forming sheets or reefs in a honeycomb pattern. They may form large reefs up to several metres across and a metre deep.
These living reefs provide a habitat for other shore-dwelling animals and seaweeds, such as anemones, snails, shore crabs and seaweeds such as sea lettuce.
Honeycomb worm reefs are vulnerable to storm damage and extreme cold weather, after which they may die back for several years. Other threats include being buried by sand as a result of sea defence work and beach replenishment, although they can survive burial for days or even weeks. Trampling and pollution can also affect the reefs.
Brief description of European distribution
In Britain, honeycomb worm reefs are most abundant on the south and west coasts with isolated records from the south-east and east coasts. The northern limit is the Outer Hebrides. It is also found on south, west and north coasts of Ireland.
Conservation status / need
UKBAP Priority Habitat
Further information sources
Sabellaria alveolata
(UK Marine SACs Project)
Honeycomb worm - Sabellaria alveolata (MarLIN)
Littoral Sabellaria honeycomb worm reefs (JNCC)
Interesting fact
The formation of reefs is assisted by a clever biological mechanism. Honeycomb worm larvae drift around in seawater and could settle anywhere to grow into adults. However, the presence of existing worm colonies, or their dead remains, strongly stimulates any passing larvae to settle out, helping to ensure that the reef continues to grow.
